pectoral girdle bones in eurypterygian fishes

osteology of hyobranchial arches in eurypterygian fishes

the osteology of the hyoid and branchial arches in several representatives of eurypterygian fishes were examined. the hyoid arches consist of a single basihyal and urohyal, and the arch on each side consists of a dorsal and a ventral hypohyal, an anterior and posterior ceratohyal, an interhyal, and branchiostegal rays that are borne on the ceratohyals. the branchial arches consist of three sing...

Flight capability and the pectoral girdle of Archaeopteryx

As the earliest birds known, the late Jurassic specimens of Archaeopteryx have been the object of great speculative interest. Ostrom'"' has argued that Archaeopteryx was a terrestrial, cursorial predator that represents a preflight stage in the origin of birds in which the forelimbs were used as nets to trap insects. So far, this has been challenged mainly on the grounds that such activity woul...

Pectoral fin locomotion in batoid fishes: undulation versus oscillation.

This study explores the dichotomy between undulatory (passing multiple waves down the fin or body) and oscillatory (flapping) locomotion by comparing the kinematics of pectoral fin locomotion in eight species of batoids (Dasyatis americana, D. sabina, D. say, D. violacea, Gymnura micrura, Raja eglanteria, Rhinobatos lentiginosus and Rhinoptera bonasus) that differ in their swimming behavior, ph...

On the osteology and myology of catfish pectoral girdle, with a reflection on catfish (Teleostei: Siluriformes) plesiomorphies.

The configuration of the pectoral girdle bones and muscles of numerous catfishes was studied in detail and compared with that of other siluriforms, as well as of other teleosts, described in the literature. The pectoral girdle of catfishes is composed of only three bones, which probably correspond to the posttemporo-supracleithrum (posttemporal + supracleithrum), scapulo-coracoid (scapula + cor...

Locomotor function of the pectoral girdle 'muscular sling' in trotting dogs.

In therian mammals, gravitational and locomotor forces are transferred between the forelimb and trunk primarily, or entirely, through the muscles that connect the limb and trunk. Our understanding of this force transmission is based on analyses of shoulder anatomy and on a handful of descriptive electromyographic studies. To improve our understanding, we manipulated the locomotor forces of trot...

Evolution of the Pectoral Girdle and Forelimb in Sauropodomorpha (dinosauria, Saurischia): Osteology, Myology and Function